Earth system models (ESMs) integrate the interactions of atmosphere, ocean, land, ice, and biosphere to estimate the state of regional and global climate under a wide variety of conditions.

The Earth's climate system is made up of regions which respond ... In spite of their local nature, the modes interact through teleconnections. The modes are like performers on a tight-rope ...

To consider how an Earth system science approach can inform research ... including potential unintended consequences, and interactions among and comparisons between proposed climate intervention ...

With an underlying universal theme of convection, a new textbook introduces upper-level geology, geophysics, physics, and engineering students to the geophysics behind the Earth System.

Without this critical interaction, our climate and water ... affects how much energy is retained in the Earth's climate system. Oceans reflect a portion of this incoming radiation, helping to ...

Our solar system's journey around the center of the Milky Way takes it through varying galactic environments, and one may ...

To unravel causality arguments in Earth climate history across regions ... seabed significantly impact the entire Earth system through the interaction of geological, physical, biological and ...

Terrestrial carbon cycle dynamics remain one of the greatest sources of uncertainty in climate projections, with diverging estimates of ecosystem carbon uptake, affecting the accuracy of Earth system ...

Studies fundamental physical processes that govern terrestrial climate change, with emphasis on observations and particular attention to the Earth’s polar regions ... and atmosphere, and their ...

On ten thousand to million years time scales, climate dynamics on the Earth's surface are driven ... both processes through complex geochemical interactions on the surface of our planet shape ...