In 1958, a new strain of influenza A with different HA and NA was identified and antigenic shift was discovered; the need for a trivalent vaccine was recognized. Technical advances have made it ...

Antigenic shift is a process where two or more different strains of a virus combine to create a new subtype of virus. Often, this new viral strain will have a unique combination of surface antigens, ...

However, this approach is strain-specific. It has limited efficacy against unexpected variants or antigenic drift and shift. Antigenic drift refers to small, gradual mutations in the influenza ...

an influenza pandemic happens with an evolutionary long-jump called an antigenic shift. “Pandemics typically occur when you have antigenic shift, meaning that there is enough of change such that ...

The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive immune responses in three well-defined actions: (1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the context of MHC ...