Mutualism is a type of symbiotic relationship where all species involved benefit from their interactions. While mutualism is highly complex, it can be roughly broken down into two types of ...

Parasitism: Rafflesia, the world’s largest flower, takes water and nutrients from the host plant it grows on.

The Lotka-Volterra model with linear functional responses provided little theoretical foundation for the population dynamics of mutualism. May (1976) explicitly stated: "Lotka-Volterra models ...

By definition, each species involved in a mutualism must receive a benefit from the interaction, and that benefit usually comes at a cost (Bronstein 1994). However, mutualist partners do not ...

She suspects it's because of mutualism, a term for when humans view animals with as much empathy and protection as they would fellow humans. A study by Michael Manfredo charted mutualism and three ...

“We mostly think about plant signaling as targeting sight and smell, but here these plants are not so much giving a ‘shout out’ but a ‘shout back’ to the bats to come on over,” Rohan Clarke, an ...