A new historical study reveals that the Greek Revolution of the 1820s forced major changes in the Ottoman Empire’s internal governance, particularly in how it treated and monitored its non-Muslim ...

This formal recognition signed at the Congress of Paris came after Russia accepted a humiliating defeat against the alliance of Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia. The treaty itself ...

In the 16th century, the town was taken over by the Ottoman Empire. Later, in 1821, it was leased to Egypt, which controlled it for much of the 19th century. But by the 1920s, the newly built ...

Add to that the public presence of diverse religions and it sounds like 2025, but this was life in the Ottoman Empire 200 years ago. Yet this seeming tolerance of non-Muslim faiths was in fact ...

How did Muhammad Ali Jinnah go from being a secular young man appalled by Indian interference in the Ottoman Caliphate crisis ... is my new book, East of Empire: Egypt, India, and the World ...