the most abundant type of oxygen on Earth. Eight is a magic number for protons and 20 for neutrons, so oxygen-28 was expected ...

This measurement provides carbon, oxygen and “clumped” isotope ratios for carbonate minerals ... High-precision measurement of small abundance isotopologues Primary application: mass-47 of CO 2 for ...

The change in isotopic abundance is called fractionation ... migratory history in marine environments. Stable isotope analyses using marine oxygen have used barnacle shells attached to the ...