These strains occur because of the phenomenon known as antigenic shift, in which humans are infected with avian influenza viruses or viruses that contain a combination of genes from human and ...

However, this approach is strain-specific. It has limited efficacy against unexpected variants or antigenic drift and shift. Antigenic drift refers to small, gradual mutations in the influenza ...

When two or more existing strains combine to form a new strain that is called antigenic shift. Such a significant mutation occurs, for instance, when a flu virus from a bird and a flu virus from ...

In 1958, a new strain of influenza A with different HA and NA was identified and antigenic shift was discovered; the need for a trivalent vaccine was recognized. Technical advances have made it ...

an influenza pandemic happens with an evolutionary long-jump called an antigenic shift. “Pandemics typically occur when you have antigenic shift, meaning that there is enough of change such that ...

This important work presents a stochastic branching process model of tumour-immune coevolution, incorporating stochastic antigenic mutation accumulation and escape within the cancer cell population.

The transporters associated with antigen processing (TAPs) allow antigenic peptides that have been generated in the cytosol to be transported into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER ...